Preliminary evidence indicates that the PFS is reliable and valid and is related to clinically-relevant variables such as food cravings and binge eating. Finally, a recently-developed measure (the Power of Food Scale PFS) of individual differences in appetitive responsiveness to rewarding properties of the food environment is described.
Among normal weight individuals it has long been assumed that the appetitive anomalies associated with restrained eating are due to diet-induced challenges to the homeostatic system, but we review evidence suggesting that they more likely stem from hedonic hunger (i.e., eating less than wanted rather than less than needed). In humans there is evidence that obese individuals prefer and consume high palatability foods more than those of normal weight. This phenomenon is referred to here as "hedonic hunger." Animal literature is reviewed indicating that brain-based homeostatic and hedonic eating motives overlap but are nonetheless dissociable. In addition to its effects on body mass and health, the food environment in affluent societies may be creating an appetitive counterpart to the psychological effects of other hedonically-driven activities such as drug use and compulsive gambling. Subjective feelings of hunger are more likely to reflect our hedonic hunger level than our bodys actual energy needs, and our bodys hunger signals are not. This phenomenon is referred to here as hedonic hunger. of other hedonically-driven activities such as drug use and compulsive gambling. An increasing proportion of human food consumption appears to be driven by pleasure, not just by the need for calories. effects on body mass and health, the food environment in affluent societies may be creating an appetitive counterpart to the psychological effects.
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